Nội dung đầy đủ Thu gọn # 14. Physical Metal | LBMA
> Source: https://www.lbma.org.uk/publications/the-otc-guide/physical-metal
14. Physical Metal | LBMA Find out more Register for the Global Precious Metails Conference in Sorrento, Italy Global Global 中文網站 Contact About About About LBMA Our Team LBMA Board Independent Decision-Making Committee LBMA Sub-Committees Origins of the London Bullion Market History of Global Trade in Bullion Member login Market Standards Market Standards As the independent authority for precious metals, we set standards that uphold trust in the global market. Market Overview About Loco London A Guide to the Loco London Precious Metals Market Training and Education Our Standards Market Standards Global Precious Metals Code Good Delivery Responsible Sourcing Incident Review Process Regulation Resources Financial Regulation Due Diligence Regulation REACH Review Process Case Studies HQLA WGC and LBMA Launch Joint HQLA Website Gold and HQLA: Correcting Misleading Online Information LBMA Precious Metals Market Report Read about the latest quarter in the precious metals market Read now Membership Membership LBMA Membership demonstrates a commitment to uphold global standards within the precious metals market. Overview About Membership Current Members Rules for Members Become a Member How to Join Membership Eligibility Membership Benefits LBMA Subscriber Membership FAQs Already a Member? Login to stay updated with LBMA Member news and events Log in here Good Delivery Good Delivery The standard trusted around the world, Good Delivery guarantees metal quality in the market. LBMA owns and manages the Good Delivery Lists for both gold and silver. Overview About Good Delivery Good Delivery Rules and Governance Good Delivery FAQs Lists Good Delivery Current List Data Good Delivery Former List Data Russian Good Delivery Bars Information Application Process How to apply for Good Delivery accreditation Advancing Standards Proactive Monitoring Proficiency Testing Scheme Resources Reference Materials Vault Operators Training Visual Guide Physical Market Guidelines Past Assaying and Refining Conferences Good Delivery Newsletters GBI Gold Bar Security Features Gold Bar Integrity Ecosystem GDL Newsletter Read the latest newsletter from our Good Delivery team on Committee updates, refinery visits and more Read now Responsible Sourcing Responsible Sourcing All LBMA Good Delivery List Refiners must adhere to our Responsible Sourcing Programme. With annual independent auditing and public reporting, the Programme builds global demand for responsible sourcing. Overview Responsible Sourcing Approved Assurance Providers Overview Approved Assurance Providers LBMA's ASM Initiative Guidance & Tools Guidance Documents Refiners Toolkit Consultations Public Consultation: Responsible Gold Guidance Version 10 Disclosure Guidance Version 3 Resources International Bullion Centre Recommendations Introductory Training Module Responsible Sourcing FAQs Reporting Country of Origin Data Sustainability and Responsible Sourcing Reports Responsible Sourcing Newsletters Review Process Case Studies LBMA Position on the North Mara Mine Claim Supporting Pathways for Responsible AS
M LBMA’s new report explores the progress made between 2022-2025 to help build the foundations for greater inclusion of responsibly sourced ASM gold in formal supply chains. Read now Responsible Gold Guidance V10: Public Consultation RGG10 draws on implementation experience since the introduction of V9, developments in responsible sourcing practice, and LBMA’s commitment to continuous improvement. Discover more Responsible Sourcing Newsletter Summit discussions moved from dialogue to action, LBMA held its first in-person IBC roundtable, and a public consultation is launched on RGG10. Read now Pricing & Data Pricing & Data View information about LBMA prices and data. Overview About LBMA Daily Auction Prices LBMA Gold Price LBMA Silver Price LBMA Platinum and Palladium Price Clearing Vaulting Data LBMA Precious Metal Prices LBMA Daily Trade Reporting Data Clearing Data London Vault Data Value Dates Country of Origin Data LBMA Responds to PRA Consultation Paper: Modernising the Liquidity Policy Framework LBMA supports the PRA’s focus on liquidity usability, including monetisation speed, operational readiness and access to Bank of England liquidity. Discover more News News Read the latest news, publications and resources which outline our key initiatives. News and Resources Newsroom Alchemist Publications LBMA Annual Precious Metals Forecast Survey Centenary of the LBMA Gold Price Wonders of Gold Press Page IBA to Administer LBMA Platinum and Palladium Price Benchmarks from 1 July 2026 A licence from IBA is required in order to obtain, use or redistribute real-time or historical LBMA Platinum and Palladium Price data from that date. Find out more LBMA in Singapore: Strengthening Asia's Role in the Global Gold Market The 2026 Asia Pacific Metals Conference underlined Asia’s growing importance in global precious metals and the need for trusted, resilient and better-connected markets. Read more Events Events Read the latest news, upcoming events and resources. Events and Webinars Upcoming Events Past Events Webinar Series Standards of Conduct at LBMA Events Global Precious Metals Conference 2026 Join us in Sorrento where we will be delivering world class insight, networking and debate, while celebrating a landmark 25 years of this flagship event. Register now Conference 2026 Market Standards Market Standards As the independent authority for precious metals, we set standards that uphold trust in the global market. Market Overview About Loco London A Guide to the Loco London Precious Metals Market Training and Education Our Standards Market Standards Global Precious Metals Code Good Delivery Responsible Sourcing Incident Review Process Regulation Resources Financial Regulation Due Diligence Regulation REACH Review Process Case Studies HQLA WGC and LBMA Launch Joint HQLA Website Gold and HQLA: Correcting Misleading Online Information LBMA Precious Metals Market Report Read about the latest quarter in the precious metals market Discover more Membership Membership LBMA Membership demonstrates a commitment to uphold global standards within the precious metals market. Overview About Membership Current Members Rules for Members Become a Member
How to Join Membership Eligibility Membership Benefits LBMA Subscriber Membership FAQs Already a Member? Login to stay updated with LBMA Member news and events Discover more Good Delivery Good Delivery The standard trusted around the world, Good Delivery guarantees metal quality in the market. LBMA owns and manages the Good Delivery Lists for both gold and silver. Overview About Good Delivery Good Delivery Rules and Governance Good Delivery FAQs Lists Good Delivery Current List Data Good Delivery Former List Data Russian Good Delivery Bars Information Application Process How to apply for Good Delivery accreditation Advancing Standards Proactive Monitoring Proficiency Testing Scheme Resources Reference Materials Vault Operators Training Visual Guide Physical Market Guidelines Past Assaying and Refining Conferences Good Delivery Newsletters GBI Gold Bar Security Features Gold Bar Integrity Ecosystem GDL Newsletter Read the latest newsletter from our Good Delivery team on Committee updates, refinery visits and more Discover more Responsible Sourcing Responsible Sourcing All LBMA Good Delivery List Refiners must adhere to our Responsible Sourcing Programme. With annual independent auditing and public reporting, the Programme builds global demand for responsible sourcing. Overview Responsible Sourcing Approved Assurance Providers Overview Approved Assurance Providers LBMA's ASM Initiative Guidance & Tools Guidance Documents Refiners Toolkit Consultations Public Consultation: Responsible Gold Guidance Version 10 Disclosure Guidance Version 3 Resources International Bullion Centre Recommendations Introductory Training Module Responsible Sourcing FAQs Reporting Country of Origin Data Sustainability and Responsible Sourcing Reports Responsible Sourcing Newsletters Review Process Case Studies LBMA Position on the North Mara Mine Claim Supporting Pathways for Responsible ASM LBMA’s new report explores the progress made between 2022-2025 to help build the foundations for greater inclusion of responsibly sourced ASM gold in formal supply chains. Discover more Responsible Gold Guidance V10: Public Consultation RGG10 draws on implementation experience since the introduction of V9, developments in responsible sourcing practice, and LBMA’s commitment to continuous improvement. Discover more Responsible Sourcing Newsletter Summit discussions moved from dialogue to action, LBMA held its first in-person IBC roundtable, and a public consultation is launched on RGG10. Discover more Pricing & Data Pricing & Data View information about LBMA prices and data. Overview About LBMA Daily Auction Prices LBMA Gold Price LBMA Silver Price LBMA Platinum and Palladium Price Clearing Vaulting Data LBMA Precious Metal Prices LBMA Daily Trade Reporting Data Clearing Data London Vault Data Value Dates Country of Origin Data LBMA Responds to PRA Consultation Paper: Modernising the Liquidity Policy Framework LBMA supports the PRA’s focus on liquidity usability, including monetisation speed, operational readiness and access to Bank of England liquidity. Discover more News News Read the latest news, publications and resources which outline our key initiatives. News a
nd Resources Newsroom Alchemist Publications LBMA Annual Precious Metals Forecast Survey Centenary of the LBMA Gold Price Wonders of Gold Press Page IBA to Administer LBMA Platinum and Palladium Price Benchmarks from 1 July 2026 A licence from IBA is required in order to obtain, use or redistribute real-time or historical LBMA Platinum and Palladium Price data from that date. Discover more LBMA in Singapore: Strengthening Asia's Role in the Global Gold Market The 2026 Asia Pacific Metals Conference underlined Asia’s growing importance in global precious metals and the need for trusted, resilient and better-connected markets. Discover more Events Events Read the latest news, upcoming events and resources. Events and Webinars Upcoming Events Past Events Webinar Series Standards of Conduct at LBMA Events Global Precious Metals Conference 2026 Join us in Sorrento where we will be delivering world class insight, networking and debate, while celebrating a landmark 25 years of this flagship event. Discover more Global Global Global 中文網站 Contact About About About LBMA Our Team LBMA Board Independent Decision-Making Committee LBMA Sub-Committees Origins of the London Bullion Market History of Global Trade in Bullion Member login A Guide to the Loco London Precious Metals Market 14. Physical Metal Contents A Guide to the Loco London Precious Metals Market Editor's Note Chief Executive’s Foreword 1. Introduction 2. London Bullion Market Association 3. London Platinum and Palladium Market 4. The Price 5. London Good Delivery – Gold and Silver 6. Good Delivery – Platinum and Palladium 7. London Precious Metals Clearing Limited 8. Precious Metal Accounts 9. Lending and Borrowing Metal 10. Options 11. Precious Metal Benchmarks 12. Bank of England 13. Futures Markets and Exchange 14. Physical Metal 15. Documentation 16. Market Regulation 17. Taxation 18. Conversion Table 19. Key Facts about Precious Metals 20. Clearing Statistics 21. Market Trade Statistics 22. Central Bank and Governmental Ownership of Gold 23. Properties of Precious Metals 24. Frequently Asked Questions 25. Annexes 26. Disclaimer Download Until 2008, the physical business – which was mainly gold related – relied more or less wholly on supplying those countries that had traditional domestic consumer business. They tended to be India, the Middle East, Turkey and some of the smaller Asian economies. layout/blocks/body/_text --> Since the global financial crisis, the physical business has been a fundamental part of the investment market, where beside the off-take from India and more recently China, there have also been a number of European countries focusing on this asset class. However, unlike Loco London trading, the physical market can require knowledge of a myriad of specific country requirements, the logistics and costs of moving precious metal around the world in various forms prior to fabrication, the manufacturing costs at the various refineries and sourcing refining/manufacturing capacity. There are also the location premiums and discounts, the arbitrage between certain locations, the forward and lease markets, and so on, which all need to be considered as well as the local
laws in different jurisdictions. Consignment Stocks Primarily, this involves transacting with jewellers and banks generally located in the Far East, Middle East and India. A ‘traditional’ metal consignment was metal stored in the vaults of the customer, which priced down (bought) the stock as required. The risk in this instance was primarily theft or fraud, but that could be mitigated by insurance. However, currently, consignments tend to be stored with a third-party custodian and only released to the customer after pricing – either immediately (carrying a two-day risk) or upon confirmation of receipt of payment. Consignment stocks generally carry a fee similar to a lease fee (although there may be a limited fee free period) until the metal is priced. Details of how interest is calculated are covered in some depth in section 9. The LBMA’s generic Consignment Agreement is available on the members’ area of its website. Inventory Financing There are various types of inventory financing, from the very basic financing of small bar stocks at a precious metal refinery, or a gold jewellers, to the highly technical financing of platinum and palladium used in various forms in manufacturing processes where the issue of co-mingling may well arise. Basically, for gold held in bar form in a retail outlet, it is easy to see the asset, but if the metal, particularly in the case of PGMs, is in the form of a catalytic convertor in a major oil/chemical refinery then not only is it difficult to distinguish each individual lenders’ metal (due to co-mingling) but also where in the enormous expanse of the industrial plant the catalyst is located. In general, all financing of inventory will carry credit exposure, but there are various ways to mitigate this exposure for the lender, although precise details will obviously depend on the requirements of the institution advancing currency against a lien, or equivalent, over the metal. layout/blocks/body/_media --> Kilobars on their way to India layout/blocks/body/_related --> 13. Futures Markets and Exchange While this Guide is concerned with the operation of the global Over The Counter trading of precious metals markets, it would be remiss to ignore other methods by which investors look to gain exposure to precious metals and how they relate to the OTC market Find out more 15. Documentation Given the variety of products provided by members of the market, and in order to avoid the problems inherent in a multiplicity of bilateral agreements to cover the transactions involved, the LBMA, and where appropriate assisted by LPMCL, has developed and introduced a number of standard agreements Find out more Stay updated Register to access the latest LBMA news and events through our email alerts Register at MyLBMA LBMA About Us Membership Current Members Contact Us Our Team Newsroom MyLBMA Quicklinks Prices and Data LBMA Daily Trade Reporting Data Good Delivery Alchemist Events Responsible Sourcing A Guide to the Loco London Precious Metals Market 中文網站 © 2026 LBMA 7th Floor, 62 Threadneedle Street, London EC2R 8HP | LBMA Privacy Notice
